One to 3 % of women of childbearing age worldwide suffer from
repeated pregnancy loss (RPL), a complicated obstetrical state defined
by the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology
(ESHRE) as the spontaneous end of two or more consecutive pregnancies
(Barrenetxea et al., 2017; Practice Committee of the American Society
for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), 2012; ESHRE Guideline Group on
RPL, 2022). RPL is a reproductive disease, with chromosomal abnormalities,
uterine anomalies, hormonal imbalances, and autoimmune
conditions being the four major contributing factors. However, about 50
% of RPL cases remain unexplained (idiopathic) (Larsen et al., 2013; Lei
et al., 2022)