The function of the kidney system is to remove waste products of human metabolism and to eliminate extra fluids. When end-stage renal disease (ESRD) occurs, renal replacement therapy (RRT) - dialysis, transplantation - is required. There are two types of dialysis treatment: extracorporeal blood purification (mainly hemodialysis) and intracorporeal blood purification (peritoneal dialysis). All patients with ESRD should be considered for kidney transplantation. Patients without absolute contraindications should be placed on the transplant waiting list, and receive a kidney, if possible. Patients should be educated about each procedure of RRT.