There is no epidemiological data regarding prevalence and incidence
of CRS in a medical ward. Some observational studies evaluated the
development of AKI in association with acute decompensated heart failure
and acute coronary syndrome. These studies were performed
retrospectively therefore they present some limitations (Bagshaw SM, et
al., 2010).
Cardiorenal syndrome is a condition which is more frequently
observed in the clinical practice as renal insufficiency occurs in at least one
third of patients with acute and chronic heart failure and conversely most
of patients suffering from renal failure develop heart disease (Mullens w ,
et al., 2009) .
In both acute and chronic pathological conditions, a careful
evaluation of possible interactions between heart and kidney dysfunction is
important because of practical implications, not only for early diagnosis,
but also for optimization of management. Unfavourable effects of volume
overload and venous congestion are well known in the course of CRS
(Cushman et al., 2010).
Correction of volume overload in the setting of heart failure is
complicated as the use of diuretic therapy was the mainstay in reducing
volume overload, unfortunately diuretic resistance is common particularly
in advanced stages of CRS (Turner et al., 2012).