Lead (PbII) contamination poses a persistent environmental threat that undermines soil fertility and plant
productivity due to its serious toxicity and immobility. This study aimed to enhance phytoremediation efficiency in
artificial Pb(II)-polluted soil using three Pelargonium species (P. zonale, P. graveolens, and P. grandiflorum) in the
presence of two amendments-ethylene di amine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) and black soldier fly frass. The
experiment followed a factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications for each
treatment. The parameters were determined after two growth periods of 60 and 120 days. Results revealed
significant differences among pelargonium species, soil application, and growth periods. P. graveolens consistently
exhibited the highest Pb uptake (59.9%) and the lowest residual Pb (34.51%) in soil. This indicated its superior
remediation capacity under pollution conditions. EDTA stimulated Pb availability and movement to aerial parts
,parts, while black soldier fly frass enhanced soil properties and microbial processes, supporting Pb immobilization
and plant growth. Prolonged cultivation markedly reduced residual Pb(II), suggesting that extended growth duration
strengthens rhizosphere interactions and metal sequestration. Overall, the integration of P. graveolens with frass
amendment represents a sustainable and eco-friendly strategy for mitigating Pb(II) contamination in agricultural
soils.