Exposure to ionizing radiation from both natural and human-made sources poses significant risks to living organisms, particularly during critical embryonic developmental stages. Ionizing radiation generates free radicals, inducing oxidative stress and damaging essential biomolecules, including DNA. This study examines the effects of low-dose gamma irradiation on fetal development using albino mice as a model organism. Pregnant mice were exposed to varying doses of gamma radiation (5, 10, and 50 mGy) on gestational day 15. The study assessed the effects on fetal weight, length, and the gene expression of Bax and p53, along with histopathological changes in the lungs, heart, and liver. The results revealed a dose-dependent decrease in fetal weight and length, with the higher doses (50 mGy) causing significant developmental impairments. Furthermore, gamma irradiation significantly upregulated the expression of Bax and p53, indicating increased pro-apoptotic activity and DNA damage response. Histopathological analysis showed structural abnormalities in the lungs, heart, and liver of irradiated fetuses. These findings underscore the importance of caution regarding radiation exposure during pregnancy, as it may lead to profound and long-term health
consequences.