Fouad Fouad Saad Elmayet
Asst. Professor
Stress Can Induce Bovine Alpha-Herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) Reactivation from Latency
Viruses • 2024
Publication Information
Authors
Fouad El-Mayet, Clinton Jones
Keywords
Bovine alpha-herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1); reactivation from latency; glucocorticoid receptor (GR); Krüppel-like factor (KLF); specificity protein 1 (Sp1); Wnt/β-catenin/Akt signaling axis
Journal
Viruses
Publisher
MDPI
Volume
16
Issue
11
Pages
1675
publication.type
International
Paper Link
Open Link
Supplementary Materials
Not Available
Abstract
Bovine alpha-herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is a significant problem for the cattle industry, in part because the virus establishes latency, and stressful stimuli increase the incidence of reactivation from latency. Sensory neurons in trigeminal ganglia and unknown cells in pharyngeal tonsils are important sites for latency. Reactivation from latency can lead to reproductive problems in pregnant cows, virus transmission to young calves, suppression of immune responses, and bacterial pneumonia. BoHV-1 is also a significant cofactor in bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Stress, as mimicked by the synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone, reproducibly initiates reactivation from latency. Stress-mediated activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) stimulates viral replication and transactivation of viral promoters that drive the expression of infected cell protein 0 (bICP0) and bICP4. Notably, GR and Krüppel-like factor 15 (KLF15) form a feed-forward transcription loop that cooperatively transactivates immediate early transcription unit 1 (IEtu1 promoter). Two pioneer transcription factors, GR and KLF4, cooperatively transactivate the bICP0 early promoter. Pioneer transcription factors bind silent viral heterochromatin, remodel chromatin, and activate gene expression. Thus, we predict that these novel transcription factors mediate early stages of BoHV-1 reactivation from latency.
