is
a co
mmo
n enviro
nme
nta
l po
llutant that pose
s
a majo
r ha
zar
d to both humans an
d an
i
-
mals
. Ac
aci
a senega
l (Gum
) is well
-know
n fo
r ha
vin
g antiox
idant an
d anti
-inflammatory bioa
ctive co
mpounds
.
Ou
r stud
y aime
d to scou
t th
e nephropr
ote
ctive effect
s of Ac
aci
a gu
m (Gum
) agains
t AFB1
-induce
d rena
l da
mage.
Four groups of rats were designed
: Co
ntrol
, Gu
m (7.5 mg
/kg), AFB1 (200 µg
/kg b.w) an
d AFB1
-Gum, rats were
co
-treate
d with both Gu
m an
d AFB1
. Ga
s chromato
graph
y
-mass spectrom
etr
y (GC/MS
) anal
ysi
s wa
s done to de
-
te
rmine th
e ph
ytochem
ica
l co
nstituent
s in Gum. AFB1 triggere
d pr
ofoun
d alte
rations in ki
dne
y function parame
-
ters (urea, cr
e
atinine
, uric acid
, an
d alkaline phosphatase) an
d rena
l hi
stolo
g
ica
l arch
ite
cture
. Additionally
,
AFB1 exposure evoked up
-regulation of mRNA expression le
vel
s of inflammatory cytokines, includin
g inte
r
-
leukin
-
6 (I
L
-6)
, tumo
r necr
osi
s fa
cto
r
α (TNF
α
)
, inducibl
e nitric oxid
e sy
nthas
e (iNOS)
, an
d nuclea
r fa
cto
r kB p6
5
(N
F
-
κ
B/P65
) in rena
l ti
ssue. Th
e oxid
ative di
stres
s an
d apoptoti
c ca
scade ar
e also inst
igate
d by AFB1 into
x
ication
as depicted in down
-regulate
d pr
otein expression of th
e nuclea
r fa
cto
r er
ythroid
2
–relate
d fa
cto
r
2 (Nrf2) an
d su
-
pe
roxid
e di
smutase type
1 (SOD1) alon
g with upre
g
ulation of cytochrome
c (Cyt
o c)
, an
d cleave
d Ca
spase
3
(Casp3
–17 an
d 19
) in rena
l ti
ssue. In co
ncl
usion
, cu
rrent stud
y obviousl
y co
nfirm
s th
e alleviatin
g effect
s of Gu
m