In this paper, an original scheme is presented, in order to study the finite-time stability of the equilibrium point, and to prove its existence and uniqueness, for Caputo–Katugampola fractional-order neural networks, with time delay. The proposed scheme uses a newly introduced fractional derivative concept in the literature, which is the Caputo–Katugampola fractional derivative. The effectiveness of the theoretical results is shown through simulations for two numerical examples.