The gut microbiome plays a central role in regulating nutrient utilization, immune function,
and disease resistance, thereby directly influencing growth performance and feed
efficiency. Existing microbiome modulation strategies, including probiotics, prebiotics,
dietary interventions, and antibiotic alternatives, are critically evaluated. Despite their reported
benefits, the effectiveness of these approaches often remains inconsistent across
production systems. Evidence suggests that this variability is largely driven by complex
interactions among microbial communities, host factors, and environmental and management
conditions, which are frequently overlooked in conventional intervention-based approaches.
To address this gap, this review proposes an integrated microbiome–host–environment
framework that links microbial ecology with host physiology and production
conditions. The framework provides a systems-level perspective for understanding the
factors governing microbiome stability and production responses, offering a basis for more targeted and reliable microbiome management strategies. Finally, current challenges
and future research priorities are discussed, including the integration of multi-omics
technologies, precision nutrition, and data-driven approaches to support next-generation
poultry production systems. By emphasizing the interconnected nature of microbiome
regulation, this review contributes a conceptual foundation for improving broiler
productivity and sustainability through more consistent and effective microbiome optimization.